Ir a contenido
About reLink360 Sell Now VOSB News

reLink Medical le da la capacidad de comprar cirugía nueva, renovada y usadainstrumentos y equipos. 

 Con equipo detodo elmarcas de primer nivel, como Medtronic, Smith & Nephew, Olympus yJarit, ofrecemos una amplia selección deInstrumentos.Explore nuestro inventario de vaas, sistemas retractores, laringoscopios, tijeras y mucho más. 
 
Con miles de instrumentos quirúrgicos y equipos para elegir e inventario que se actualiza diariamente, puede estar seguro de que contamos con el equipo médico usado de alta calidad y los dispositivos que necesita. 


Filtros

Instrumentos quirúrgicos

  • Aspen Surgical Aspen Surgical 06-8793 Symmetry Forceps Ferris-Smith Tissue 2x3 Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $119.00 - $119.00
    $119.00
    $119.00 - $119.00
    $119.00

    Aspen Surgical 06-8793 Symmetry Forceps Ferris-Smith Tissue 2x3

    The Aspen Surgical Symmetry® Forceps, Ferris-Smith Tissue, 2x3 Teeth, 6 7/8 in, is a high-quality medical instrument designed for use in various cl...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $119.00 - $119.00
    $119.00
    $119.00 - $119.00
    $119.00
  • Sklar Instruments Sklar Instruments 47-2380 Freer Elevator Double Ended Sharp/Blunt Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $119.00 - $119.00
    $119.00
    $119.00 - $119.00
    $119.00

    Sklar Instruments 47-2380 Freer Elevator Double Ended Sharp/Blunt

    The Sklar Instruments 47-2380 Freer Elevator is a versatile, high-quality instrument designed for use in various medical settings, including clinic...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $119.00 - $119.00
    $119.00
    $119.00 - $119.00
    $119.00
  • Sklar Instruments Sklar Instruments 17-2580 Spencer Wells cep Straight Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $119.00 - $119.00
    $119.00
    $119.00 - $119.00
    $119.00

    Sklar Instruments 17-2580 Spencer Wells cep Straight

    The Sklar Instruments 17-2580 Spencer Wells Forcep is a high-quality, precision instrument designed for use in various medical settings, including ...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $119.00 - $119.00
    $119.00
    $119.00 - $119.00
    $119.00
  • Integra Miltex Integra Miltex 5-270M Wagner Plastic Surgery Scissors 4-3/4 Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $119.00 - $119.00
    $119.00
    $119.00 - $119.00
    $119.00

    Integra Miltex 5-270M Wagner Plastic Surgery Scissors 4-3/4

    The Integra Miltex 5-270M Wagner Plastic Surgery Scissors are a high-quality, precision instrument designed for use in various medical settings, in...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $119.00 - $119.00
    $119.00
    $119.00 - $119.00
    $119.00
  • $0.00 - $0.00
    $0.00
    $110.00
    $110.00 - $110.00
    $110.00

    Fluke 232D Safety Analyzer

    Functional Condition

    New
    Refurbished
    reLink Certified
    Used
    Non Functional

    Cosmetic Condition

    New in Box
    New out of Box
    Excellent
    Good
    Poor

    OEM: FlukeMaterial: 232D Common Name: Safety Analyzer Item Weight: 3.8 Serial Number: 1268 SKU#: Inv-00593046 Powers On: Yes Includes Power Cords: ...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $0.00 - $0.00
    $0.00
    $110.00
    $110.00 - $110.00
    $110.00
  • $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Aspen Surgical 32-4031 Classic Forceps Crile Curved

    The Aspen Surgical 32-4031 Classic® Forceps, Crile, Curved, 5-1/2" is a high-quality medical instrument designed for use in various clinical settin...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Sklar Instruments 47-2047 Adson Tissue Forceps Delicate 1X2 Teeth

    The Sklar Instruments 47-2047 Adson Tissue Forceps is a high-quality, precision instrument designed for use in various medical settings, including ...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Sklar Instruments Sklar Instruments 47-1447 Adson Brown Tissue Forceps 9X9 Teeth Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Sklar Instruments 47-1447 Adson Brown Tissue Forceps 9X9 Teeth

    The Sklar Instruments 47-1447 Adson Brown Tissue Forceps is a high-quality medical instrument designed for use in various clinical settings, includ...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Sklar Instruments Sklar Instruments 50-3048 Adson Tissue Forceps Serrated1X2 Teeth Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Sklar Instruments 50-3048 Adson Tissue Forceps Serrated1X2 Teeth

    The Sklar Instruments 50-3048 Adson Tissue Forceps is a high-quality, precision instrument designed for use in various medical settings, including ...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Aspen Surgical Aspen Surgical 30-1186 Forceps Adson Tissue 1 x 2 Teeth Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Aspen Surgical 30-1186 Forceps Adson Tissue 1 x 2 Teeth

    The Aspen Surgical 30-1186 Forceps, Adson Tissue, is a high-quality medical instrument designed for precise tissue handling in various medical sett...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Cincinnati Surgical Company 07PMH Surgical Handle Stainless Steel

    The Cincinnati Surgical Company 07PMH Surgical Handle is a high-quality, stainless steel instrument designed for use in various medical settings, i...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Cincinnati Surgical Company Cincinnati Surgical Company 05SM25 Safety Scalpels Swann Morton Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Cincinnati Surgical Company 05SM25 Safety Scalpels Swann Morton

    The Cincinnati Surgical Company 05SM25 Safety Scalpels are designed for safe and efficient use in medical settings, including hospitals, clinics, a...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Cincinnati Surgical Company Cincinnati Surgical Company 05SM22 Safety Scalpels Swann Morton Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Cincinnati Surgical Company 05SM22 Safety Scalpels Swann Morton

    The Cincinnati Surgical Company 05SM22 Safety Scalpels are designed for use in a variety of medical settings, including hospitals, clinics, and out...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Cincinnati Surgical Company 05SM24 Safety Scalpels Swann Morton

    The Cincinnati Surgical Company 05SM24 Safety Scalpels are designed for use in various medical settings, including clinics, hospitals, and outpatie...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Cincinnati Surgical Company 05SM23 Safety Scalpels Swann Morton

    The Cincinnati Surgical Company 05SM23 Safety Scalpels are designed for use in various medical settings, including clinics, hospitals, and outpatie...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Cincinnati Surgical Company Cincinnati Surgical Company 05SM20 Safety Scalpels Swann Morton Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Cincinnati Surgical Company 05SM20 Safety Scalpels Swann Morton

    The Cincinnati Surgical Company 05SM20 Safety Scalpels are designed for use in a variety of medical settings, including clinics, hospitals, and out...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Cincinnati Surgical Company 05SM21 Safety Scalpels Swann Morton

    The Cincinnati Surgical Company 05SM21 Safety Scalpels are designed for use in various medical settings, including hospitals, clinics, and outpatie...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Sklar Instruments Sklar Instruments 97-1045 Nail Nipper Concave Blades with Barrel Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Sklar Instruments 97-1045 Nail Nipper Concave Blades with Barrel

    The Sklar Instruments 97-1045 Nail Nipper is a high-quality medical instrument designed for use in various healthcare settings, including clinics, ...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Sklar Instruments Sklar Instruments 36-2160 Allis Tissue Forceps 4X5 Teeth Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Sklar Instruments 36-2160 Allis Tissue Forceps 4X5 Teeth

    The Sklar Instruments 36-2160 Allis Tissue Forceps is a high-quality medical instrument designed for use in various clinical settings, including ho...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Sklar Instruments Sklar Instruments 97-1400 Blade CVD Edge Nonsterile #318 Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Sklar Instruments 97-1400 Blade CVD Edge Nonsterile #318

    The Sklar Instruments 97-1400 Blade is a high-quality, nonsterile medical instrument designed for use in various healthcare settings. This blade is...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Sklar Instruments Sklar Instruments 96-5192 Needle Extender 4in Plastic w/ Luer Lock Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Sklar Instruments 96-5192 Needle Extender 4in Plastic w/ Luer Lock

    The Sklar Instruments 96-5192 Needle Extender is a medical device designed for use in various healthcare settings, including clinics, hospitals, an...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Aspen Surgical Aspen Surgical 50-1020S Symmetry Forceps Babcock Tissue 8 1/4 Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Aspen Surgical 50-1020S Symmetry Forceps Babcock Tissue 8 1/4

    The Aspen Surgical 50-1020S Symmetry® Forceps, Babcock Tissue, 8 1/4 in, is a high-quality medical instrument designed for use in various healthcar...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Aspen Surgical Aspen Surgical 54-4030 Symmetry Scissors Operating Straight 5-1/2 Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Aspen Surgical 54-4030 Symmetry Scissors Operating Straight 5-1/2

    The Aspen Surgical 54-4030 Symmetry® Scissors, Operating, Straight, 5-1/2 in, is a high-quality medical instrument designed for use in surgical set...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Sklar Instruments Sklar Instruments 47-1235 Iris Scissors Curved Sharp/Sharp Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Sklar Instruments 47-1235 Iris Scissors Curved Sharp/Sharp

    The Sklar Instruments 47-1235 Iris Scissors, Curved, Sharp/Sharp, 3.5" is a high-quality, precision instrument designed for use in various medical ...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Sklar Instruments 96-4196 Needle Extender 6in Reuseable w/Luer

    The Sklar Instruments 96-4196 Needle Extender is a high-quality, reusable medical device designed for use in various clinical settings, including h...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Sklar Instruments Sklar Instruments 17-2672 Roch-Ochsner cep CVD 1x2 Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Sklar Instruments 17-2672 Roch-Ochsner cep CVD 1x2

    The Sklar Instruments 17-2672 Roch-Ochsner Forcep is a high-quality medical instrument designed for use in various healthcare settings, including h...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Sklar Instruments Sklar Instruments 22-2835 Spencer Stitch Scissor Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Sklar Instruments 22-2835 Spencer Stitch Scissor

    The Sklar Instruments 22-2835 Spencer Stitch Scissor is a high-quality, precision instrument designed for use in medical settings where delicate pr...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Sklar Instruments Sklar Instruments 97-1046 Nail Nipper Concave Blades Barrel Spring Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Sklar Instruments 97-1046 Nail Nipper Concave Blades Barrel Spring

    The Sklar Instruments 97-1046 Nail Nipper is a high-quality, precision instrument designed for use in various medical settings, including clinics, ...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Sklar Instruments 24-2342 Wire Cutting Scissor Serrated Angled

    The Sklar Instruments 24-2342 Wire Cutting Scissor is a high-quality, precision instrument designed for use in medical settings, including clinics,...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Aspen Surgical Aspen Surgical 32-820 Scissors Mayo Curved Beveled Blades Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Aspen Surgical 32-820 Scissors Mayo Curved Beveled Blades

    The Aspen Surgical 32-820 Scissors, Mayo, Curved, Beveled Blades, Tungsten Carbide, 6-3/4" are high-quality surgical instruments designed for use i...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Integra Miltex Integra Miltex 33-215M Comedone Extractor Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Integra Miltex 33-215M Comedone Extractor

    The Integra Miltex 33-215M Comedone Extractor is a professional-grade, handheld tool designed for use in various medical settings, including dermat...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Sklar Instruments Sklar Instruments 11-1072 Lister Bandage Scissors Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Sklar Instruments 11-1072 Lister Bandage Scissors

    The Sklar Instruments 11-1072 Lister Bandage Scissors are a high-quality, precision instrument designed for use in medical settings, including clin...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Sklar Instruments Sklar Instruments 10-1607 Detergent Powder Sklar Kleen Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Sklar Instruments 10-1607 Detergent Powder Sklar Kleen

    The Sklar Instruments 10-1607 Detergent, Powder, Sklar Kleen, 5lb is a high-quality cleaning solution designed for use in medical and laboratory se...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Integra Miltex Integra Miltex 5-516M Bandage Scissors Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Integra Miltex 5-516M Bandage Scissors

    The Integra Miltex 5-516M Bandage Scissors, 7¼", is a high-quality medical instrument designed for use in various healthcare settings, including cl...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Sklar Instruments Sklar Instruments 10-1877 Instrument Tray Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Sklar Instruments 10-1877 Instrument Tray

    The Sklar Instruments 10-1877 Instrument Tray is a high-quality, durable solution designed for use in medical settings such as clinics, hospitals, ...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
  • Exel Corporation Exel Corporation 29559 Scalpel Stainless Steel Blade Size 22 Surgical Instruments reLink Medical
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

    Exel Corporation 29559 Scalpel Stainless Steel Blade Size 22

    The Exel Corporation 29559 Scalpel is a high-quality, precision instrument designed for use in various medical settings, including clinics, hospita...

    Ver todos los detalles
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00
    $109.00 - $109.00
    $109.00

What Are Surgical Instruments?

Surgical instruments are precision tools used by surgeons during various medical procedures to cut, hold, clamp, or manipulate tissues. These devices are vital in ensuring surgical procedures are performed efficiently and safely. Instruments range from general-purpose tools to highly specialized designs. Each one serves a unique role in maintaining tissue integrity, supporting proper handling, and promoting patient recovery.

Surgeons depend on instruments like needle holders, surgical scissors, and forceps to maintain accuracy throughout a procedure. Tools with straight blades are commonly used for clean incisions, while toothed surgical instruments help grip tissues without slipping.

Durability, ergonomic design, and ease of sterilization are key traits that define quality surgical instruments. In every operating room, they play a critical role in maintaining patient safety and surgical success across disciplines, including general surgery and specialty fields.

Essential Surgical Instruments for Every Operating Room

Every operating room must be equipped with a reliable set of essential surgical instruments. These tools allow surgeons to manage tissues with care, precision, and speed. Standard sets typically include needle holders for securing sutures, surgical scissors for cutting tissue or sutures, and forceps for grasping or retracting tissues. Allis tissue forceps and thumb forceps provide a strong grip without damaging delicate tissues.

Surgeons require instruments that are not only sharp and durable but also balanced in hand for extended use. With a wide variety of sizes and designs, these instruments ensure proper support throughout routine and emergency surgical procedures. High-quality tools reduce fatigue, support sterility, and help maintain efficiency during intense cases.

These core items create the backbone of any setup, enabling the surgical team to perform with confidence and control from the first incision to final closure.

Specialized Surgical Instruments

In addition to general-purpose items, many procedures call for specialized surgical instruments. These include finely tuned tools crafted for specific anatomical regions or surgical techniques. Babcock tissue forceps, for example, are used to handle soft tissues without crushing them, making them ideal for intestinal and gynecological surgeries.

Specialty fields, such as ophthalmology, neurosurgery, or spine procedures, may require smaller tools with enhanced control. For example, instruments designed for microvascular or orthopedic applications prioritize precision in small operative fields. Surgeons in these fields depend on the right tools for complex maneuvers.

The goal is to preserve tissue integrity while delivering optimal results. Specialized surgical instruments support accurate dissections, improved visualization, and reduced trauma to the surgical field — all of which contribute to better patient outcomes and faster recovery.

Top Brands and Manufacturers

Trusted manufacturers of surgical instruments prioritize craftsmanship, performance, and consistency. Brands like Aesculap, Medtronic, and Karl Storz are known for producing instruments with advanced metallurgy and ergonomic design that stand up to repeated sterilization and use. These tools are engineered to give the surgeon full control, even in high-pressure environments.

Premium brands also offer a wide variety of configurations to suit specific surgical specialties, including instruments for gynecology, cardiovascular work, and endodontic therapy. Many are designed with materials that minimize glare and resist corrosion, supporting long-term reliability.

Sourcing surgical instruments from top brands ensures lasting value and better results during surgical procedures. They’re crafted with the surgeon in mind — designed for balance, tactile feedback, and the kind of durability needed in both hospital and outpatient settings.

Cost Considerations

The cost of surgical instruments can vary significantly based on type, material, condition, and use. Basic forceps or scissors may be more affordable, while advanced or specialty instruments are often priced higher. reLinkOnline offers a broad selection of both reusable and disposable tools, suitable for clinics seeking high value without compromising quality.

Hospitals and practices should consider long-term performance and compatibility with their existing instrument trays. Whether selecting tools for general surgery or specific disciplines, investing in reliable instruments enhances safety, reduces replacement needs, and supports consistent surgical performance.

Reprocessed or gently used instruments can also offer cost savings while maintaining the standards required for patient safety. Ultimately, aligning your budget with the clinical goals of your business ensures smart purchasing decisions across all levels of care.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the major surgical instruments? +

Major surgical instruments include forceps, scalpels, retractors, surgical scissors, and needle holders. These core tools are used in most surgical procedures, allowing surgeons to cut, grasp, hold, or manipulate tissues with accuracy and care. Their quality, proper handling, regular maintenance, and precise construction directly affect patient safety and surgical efficiency.

What is the most common surgical tool? +

The most common surgical tool is the scalpel, which is used to make clean, precise incisions through the skin and tissue. It’s essential to nearly every surgical procedure. Other frequently used surgical instruments include forceps for gripping tissues, surgical scissors for cutting, and needle holders for securing sutures during wound closure and repair.

How many surgical tools exist? +

There are literally thousands of surgical tools that exist, each with specific purposes. Instruments vary by specialty, procedure, and complexity, from general-purpose items to highly specialized devices. Surgeons often rely on curated sets that may include over 100 tools per surgery, covering a range of functions like cutting, holding, and dissecting.

What types of surgical instruments do we offer? +

Here at reLinkOnline, we offer a wide variety of surgical instruments, including basic and specialty surgical tools for general surgery and specialized surgical procedures. This includes needle holders, thumb forceps, surgical scissors, and other precision devices designed for soft tissue work, tight areas, orthopedic operations, and minimally invasive medical procedures.

}